In this series, I will go over the principles and foundations of object-oriented programming and some principles on databases. I will be using Ruby because I feel comfortable in the language; however, these concepts with some minor changes in syntax can be translated to other object-oriented programming languages, like Java, Node.js, etc.

Woo!

If you're creating a CLI application and/or practicing these concepts, this is an article that I think you should pay attention to. We're going to continue our talk about relationships and associations between models, specifically on how we can maintain a clean and manageable database with these relationships.

But, first let's do recap.

Recap

In my last article, we still had our Person and Dog classes.

Person.rb

class Person

    @@all = []

    attr_accessor :name, :age, :height

    def initialize(name, age, height)
        @name = name
        @age = age
        @height = height #* height in inches
        @@all << self
    end

    def self.all
        @@all
    end

    def say_name
        puts "My name is #{self.name}."
    end

    def say_age
        puts "I'm #{self.age} years old."
    end

    def say_height
        puts "I'm about #{self.height} inches tall."
    end

    def adopt_a_dog(dog_instance)
        dog_instance.owner = self
    end

    def buy_a_dog(name, age, breed)
        # (name, age, breed, owner) #! the values for the Dog class initialize method
        Dog.new(name, age, breed, self)
    end

end

Dog.rb

class Dog

    attr_accessor :name, :owner
    attr_reader :breed, :age

    @@all = []

    def initialize(name, age, breed, owner)
        @name = name
        @age = age
        @breed = breed
        @owner = owner
        @@all << self
    end

    def speak
        puts "Bark! I'm a #{self.breed}"
    end

end

In our console.rb file (where we can interact with both classes and run our instance methods), we had:

require 'pry'

require_relative "./app/models/dog.rb"
require_relative "./app/models/person.rb"

alex = Person.new("alex", 26, 68)
dog1 = Dog.new("Rover", 3, "Poodle", "No Owner (Yet)")

alex.adopt_a_dog(dog1)

dog1

binding.pry
0

When running the line with alex.adopt_a_dog(dog1), the dog1's owner attribute changes to alex (the object, not just the name). Recall, this is what was called a has-many relationship.

A person can have many dogs and dog belongs to a person. The dog holds the reference to the instance of the owner because we want to maintain a Single Source of Truth. But there is another reason why we can't hold a reference of the dog in the Person class.

Databases

The relationships are used in relational databases, and an simplified of a database is a data table.

Holding the reference of the dog works for the Person class, if we only have one dog to worry about.

Now, things change when we have a second instance of the Dog class. Notice the difference?

We needed to change our Person class slightly. Now our instances have an extra column to account for a second dog. In this case, we're going to have to change our database and an extra column each time we want our Person instance to have another dog.

What if we have another Person instance, but they don't have a dog. We're going to have to put nil values in those columns.

This other route of having a reference to all the dogs we may own in the same Person database is going to be messy and hard to maintain. We want our lives to be easier.

Association Methods

Since we can't add multiple dogs as separate columns to our Person class, we can alternatively create association methods to get data that want from another class.

We actually did this already. Recall our Dog class and the attribute of owner. We used the attr_accessor method so that we can get and set owners for a specific instance of Dog. Therefore, when we call dog1.owner we return the object alex because a dog knows it's owner. Similarly, a person should their dog(s) as well. Let's first take a look at our console.rb file.

console.rb

require 'pry'

require_relative "./app/models/dog.rb"
require_relative "./app/models/person.rb"

alex = Person.new("alex", 26, 68)
dog1 = Dog.new("Rover", 3, "Poodle", "No Owner (Yet)")
dog2 = Dog.new("Scooby-Doo", 5, "Great Dane", "No Owner (Yet)")

alex.adopt_a_dog(dog1)
alex.adopt_a_dog(dog2)

dog1

alex.dogs

binding.pry
0

Note: I added a 0 under the binding.pry because binding.pry won't work when it's the last line. I added a second dog, dog2 and alex will be it's owner as well.

I added a new method to my Person class:

class Person
...

		def dogs
        Dog.all.select do |dog|
            dog.owner == self
        end
    end

...
end

In our dogs method, we're called on the Dog class' self.all class method to return an array of Dog instances. Then, we're selecting all the dogs that are owned by self (in this case, it self refers to alex because we're calling on this instance method, like so alex.dogs).

As you can see when we call on the method we get both instances of Dog.

Conclusion

We're one step closer to where we need to be to start thinking about creating apps and how data is managed in a relational database.